Ten  pen  drills  in  Graham  abort, 
hnnd .  .  . 

by 

Andrew  Jackson  Graham 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


TEN  PEN  DRILLS 

IN 

GRAHAM 
SHORTHAND 


.  Copyright  1922  by 
Andrew  J.  Graham  &  Co. 


Andrew  J.   Graham  &  Co. 

1133  Broadway 
New  York 


B.  0.  BAKER 

Q  7(r/t  LAWYER 

DALLAS,  TEXAS 


PEN    DRILLS    IN    GRAHAM    SHORTHAND 

The  purpose  of  these  drills  is  to  train  the  student  in  pen  control 
and  to  establish  proper  habits  of  execution  so  that  his  shorthand  char- 
acters will  be  made  rapidly  and  precisely. 

All  too  often  the  student's  shorthand  penmanship  is  judged  solely 
by  its  appearance  and  little  or  no  attention  given  to  the  manual  tech- 
nique employed  in  its  production.  And  too  frequently  also  the  in- 
struction appears  to  be  based  upon  an  assumption  that  an  academic 
knowledge  of  the  principles  and  theory  of  shorthand  will  enable  its 
possessor  to  write  rapidly.  This  is  far  from  the  truth.  One  might 
as  well  expect  an  ability  to  play  the  piano  as  soon  as  he  had  learned 
the  names  of  the  notes  and  their  relation  to  the  keys. 
tn  The  fact  is,  that  rapid  writing  in  any  system  of  shorthand  de- 

uj   mands  a  smooth  and  continuous  pen  movement.     There  must  be   an 
en 

elimination  of  waste  motion.     The  writer  must  think  of  and  execute 

ce  word-  and  phrase-outlines  as  a  unit.     To  delay  the  application  of  this 
s  fact  until  the  student  has  completed  the  study  of  the  principles  is  to 
3  delay  unnecessarily  the  desired  result  and  to  risk  the  formation  of  in- 
correct habits  of  writing. 

In  "The  Science  of  Shorthand,"  Mr.  Godfrey  Dewey  has  pointed 

yf  out  that  different  muscles  are  used  in  making  different  strokes.     That, 

X)    for  instance,  "Right  diagonal  up-strokes  will  be  most  readily  written 

z|    by    forearm    motion.     .     .     .     Vertical    strokes    will    be    most    readily 

1     written    by    finger    motion.     ..."      A    naturally    skillful    shorthand 

writer,  of  course,  need  not  be  conscious  of  these  facts,  often  he  is  not ; 

but  unconsciously  he  demonstrates  them. 

The  work  of  the  beginner,  however,  can  be  facilitated  by  this 
•3  knowledge  when  given  in  connection  with  illustrative  and  well-organ- 
H  ized  drill. 

Joined  strokes  constitute  the  basis  of  all  these  drills  in  order  to 
develop  as  highly  as  possible  a  conception  of  any  consonant  outline 
as  a  unit.  The  easiest  joinings  are  practiced  first,  and  a  certain 
minimum  pace  of  execution  is  advised. 

While  the  amount  of  time  to  be  devoted  to  these  drills  must  be 
left  to  the  discretion  of  the  teacher  it  is,  nevertheless,  recommended 
that  if  they  are  made  a  part  of  the  beginner's  class-work,  as  intended, 
not  more  than  five  minutes  of  any  period  be  spent  upon  them. 


448242 


DRILL  NO.   1 

A  pen  is  the  only  suitable  or  satisfactory  instrument  for  practical 
shorthand  writing. — Godfrey  Dewey  in  "The  Science  of  Shorthand." 

The  elimination  of  unnecesary  stops  in  motion  between  joined 
strokes  is  essential  for  the  attainment  of  the  highest  speed. 

The  object  of  this  drill  is  to  acquire  the  habit  of  writing  joined 
strokes  without  stopping  at  the  point  of  joining.  Think  of  each  out- 
line in  this  drill  as  something  to  be  made  with  a  single  motion  of 
the  pen,  without  stop  from  the  time  you  start  until  you  finish  it. 
Make  each  outline  that  way. 

In  the  drill  on  the  horizontal  strokes  write  them  in  groups  of 
three  across  the  line,  as  shown  in  the  copy. 

The  position  of  the  hand  for  shorthand  writing  is  the  same  as  in 
longhand,  that  is,  the  hand  rests  lightly  upon  the  last  two  fingers 
and  the  forearm  muscles.  The  wrist  must  not  touch  the  table  or 
desk  at  any  time. 

Kay-Kay:    r 

(Use  forearm  muscles.  Minimum  speed  of  movement 
twelve  outlines  in  ten  seconds.  Keep  your  outlines  as  nearly 
the  size  of  the  copy  as  possible.  Always  have  your  copy  be- 
fore you  as  you  practice  and  compare  your  work  with  it  every 
five  or  ten  lines.) 


Gay-Gay : 


(Forearm  muscles.  Pen  rolled  slightly  to  the  left  by 
bending  the  thumb.  Minimum  speed  of  movement  twelve  out- 
lines in  ten  seconds.  Legibility :  "A  form  is  legibly  written 
when  it  more  nearly  resembles  the  outline  for  which  it  was 
intended  than  any  other." — ''Science  of  Shorthand." 


(Thumb  and  forefinger  bending  at  the  middle  joints.  Min- 
imum speed  twelve  outlines  in  ten  seconds.) 


Jay,,v: 


(Thumb  and  forefinger  bending  at  middle  joints.  Slightly 
increased  pen  pressure.  Minimum  speed  twelve  outlines  in  ten 
secopds.) 


Tee-Tee : 


(Thumb  and  finger  action.     Minimum  speed  twelve  out- 
lines in  ten  seconds.) 


»—  -HI  III  III  III 


( Thumb   and    finger   action;    slightly    increased   pressure. 
Minimum  speed  twelve  outlines  in  ten  seconds.) 


Pee-Pee : 


Bee-Bee : 


V\\   \\\ 


\\\  \\\     \\\ 
\\\  \\\    \  \\      \\V 


(Thumb  and  finger  action;  twelve  outlines,  ten  seconds.) 

The  speeds  indicated  for  these  various  drills  are  intended  chiefly 
to  prevent  dawdling  in  the  work.  If  the  student  does  not  attain  the 
given  minimum  speed  at  the  first  attempt  it  is  no  reason  for  dis- 
couragement. He  should,  however,  make  sure  immediately  that  he  is 
following  directions  exactly. 

DRILL  NO.  2 

JOINING  STRAIGHT  STROKES  WRITTEN  IN   DIFFERENT  DIRECTIONS 

Work  on  this  drill  can  be  made  most  effective  by  practicing  one 
outline  at  a  time  until  it  can  be  written  ten  or  more  times  in  ten 
seconds.  When  this  point  is  reached  the  outlines  should  be  written 
in  groups  of  three  as  shown  in  the  copy.  When  written  in  groups  of 
three  the  minimum  speed  should  be  six  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 

FOREARM   AND  FINGERS 


Kay-Chay : 
Kay-Tee : 
Kay- Pee : 


ZLZi 


Kay-Chay,  Kay-Tee,  Kay-Pee: 


4 

FINGERS  AND  FOREARM 
Chay-Kay :  Z_    L-  L-     L-    L—  /_ 

Tee-Kay:    L_    L_    L_     L-    L-  I 

Pee-Kay : 

Chay-Kay,  Tee-Kay,  Pee-Kay:      4-     [_ 

FINGERS 

Chay-Tee :    /    /    / /    /     / 


Tee-Chay :       I       I        i       J J       I 

-Pee  •  -<  / 

ree .    \    '^   v^      S^    \    ^x 


Chay-Tee,  Tee-Chay,  Chay-Pee :   -£— 
Pee-Chay:      ^     \    ^ ^  ^     ^ 


A 


Pee-Tee : 
Tee-Pee : 


Pee-Chay,    Pee-Tee,    Tee-Pee 


The  foregoing  drills  may  be  extended  by  shading  (1) 
both  strokes  in  each  outline,  (2)  the  first  stroke  in  each  out- 
line, and  (3)  the  second  stroke  in  each  outline.  The  minimum 
speed  in  these  additional  drills  should  be  that  already  given, 
ten  single  outlines  in  ten  seconds  or  two  groups  of  three  dif- 
ferent outlines  in  ten  seconds. 

All  drills  thus  far  are  limited  to  material  presented  in  Lesson  1 
of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand  and  should  be  practiced  in  connec- 
tion with  the  study  of  that  lesson. 


PHRASES 

(Paragraph  20,   Graham's   Business    Shorthand) 
WRIST  AND  FINGER  MOVEMENT 

Ten  outlines,  ten  seconds. 
And-a :      -i~i-\~\-\~i~ii-»~» 


And-the : 


7777 


Make  these  outlines  very  small.  The  tick  for  "and"  in  these 
signs  must  be  upon  the  line.  Distinguish  carefully  between  the  tick 
for  a  and  the  tick  for  the. 

DRILL  NO.  3 

JOINING  CURVED  STROKES 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  presented  in  Les- 
son 3  of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

In  this,  as  in  previous  drills,  endeavor  to  think  of  each  outline 
as  a  unit  and  to  make  it  with  the  same  continuous  flowing  motion 
that  you  would  use  in  making  figures  in  arithmetic.  The  outline  } 
for  instance,  shown  in  the  first  exercise  in  this  drill  can  easily  be 
thought  of  as  resembling  the  figure  2—  ,  and  should  be  made  without 
any  stopping  of  the  pen  at  any  point  in  the  outline.  In  the  same 

way  you  can  see  the  outline  Ith-Es      \     in  the  figure.       X 

FOREARM   MOVEMENT 

Speed :  One  outline  repeated  twelve  times  in  ten  seconds ;  or 
three  groups  of  two  different  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 

Ish-Kay:    2-   1_    L.    ^    JL  1-  1-    L.    1_  1->J-     Z_ 

Kay-Ish:    ^7~7     ~7     ~1    ~J   ~)   ~~J    ~7  ~7  ~?  ^7 
Ish-Kay,  Kay-Ish:       1^~J  ~~ 

EM,h: 


Ef-Ef : 


Kay-Ef  Ef-Kay, : 


FINGER  AND  WRIST  MOVEMENT 


VTl 


FOREARM   AND  FINGERS 


All  of  the  foregoing  drills  may  be  extended  by  shading  as  ex- 
plained in  Drill  2. 

DRILL  NO.  4 

JOINING  THE  CIRCLE 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  presented  in  Lesson 
4  of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

The  circle  is  joined  to  straight  strokes  by  the  same  motion  as  is 
used  in  making  a  longhand  e. 

When  joining  a  circle  to  a  stroke  use  part  of  the  stroke  as  part 
of  the  circle.  Think  of  it  as  half  a  circle  fitted  closely  to  the  stroke. 


Thus: 


Correct : 
Incorrect: 


\ 


Note  the  difference  between  the  correct  and  the  incorrect 
forms.    Compare  your  work  with  them,  and  check  your  faults. 

FINGER  MOVEMENT 
Speed:     Ten   outlines  in   ten   seconds. 


Iss-Pee: 
Bee-Iss: 
Iss-Tee : 
Dee-Iss : 
Iss-Chay : 
Jay-Iss: 


\V\\\   \ V  \ 


v 


J_L_LJ f    r   r  f  r   f 

_k_L_L_Ll  I     I    I    I    I    I 

//////  r  r  r  r 

Speed :   Seven  outlines   in  ten  seconds. 

•       ->->->-/L->-^ 


Bee-Iss-Tee : 
Dee-Iss-Dee : 
Chay-Iss-Chay : 


_Sp >0  NJS  \<i  \p  ^^>  \p, 

f-f-H-HH- 


-/- 

\-vv-w-v\- 


FOREARM  AND  FINGER  MOVEMENT 
Speed :     Seven  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 

Kay-Iss-Tee:        ~~f      ~"f      ~t     ~f      ~t      "~f     ~f 
Kay-Iss-Chay:      ~~f       ~f      ~f      ~f      ~f      "f        'T 
Gay-Iss-Pee: 

Kay-Iss-Kay : 
Gay-Iss-Gay : 


Keep  these  outlines  close  to  each  other. 

The  circle  is  joined  to  a  curve  by  the  same  motion  as  is  used  in 
making  the  curve. 

When  joining  a  circle  to  a  curve  use  part  of  the  curve  as  part  of 
the  circle.  Think  of  it  as  half  a  circle  fitted  to  the  curve. 

This  method  of  joining  saves  time  and  prevents  distortion  of  the 
outline. 


Correct:      \_       ^       ^  4- 

Incorrect  :    ^>  ^  ,  —  x  ^    <&s 

Note  the  difference  between  the  correct  and  the  incorrect 
forms.     Compare  your  work  with  them  and  check  your  faults. 

FINGERS  AND  FOREARM 
Speed  :     Eight  outlines  in   ten  seconds. 

Iss-Ef-Iss,  Iss-Vce-Iss:       t^>       ^^^^^^^ 
Iss-Thee-Iss,   Iss-Zee-Iss:     C^OOCD 

Iss-Kay-Iss,    Iss-Gay-Tss  :    Q  _  p        Q-     <->     a  _  o    a  _  o  a  _  o  o  _  o  a  _  D  a  _  y 


10 


FOREARM   AND   FINGERS 
Speed  :     Eight  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 


Kay-Iss-Ef  ,  Ef-Iss-Kay  : 


Ef-Iss-Chay,  Jay-Iss-Ef  :- 


Ef-Iss-Ith,  Vee-Iss-Tee:  -S"—  S> 


The  circle  is  joined  to  straight  strokes  forming  an  angle,  outside 
the  angle.  When  joined  in  this  manner  the  circle  can  be  made  easily, 
rapidly  and  distinctly. 


Correct : 


Incorrect : 


J_ 


J- 


U  U  /-  L- 

Note  the  difference  between  the  correct  and  the  incorrect 
forms.     Compare  your  work  with  them  and  check  your  faults. 

FINGERS  AND  FOREARM 
Bee-Iss-Kay:         V-   V-  V-  V-  V-  V-  V-  \— 

Iss-Bee-Iss-Kay  :   V-     \ \ — % —  \ — .  V-  ^ —  V- 

Chay-Iss-Kay : 


tr~ tX <X J- *r- cr ff — • — 


DRILL  NO.  5 

PHASES 

These    drills    should    accompany    work    on    material    presented    in 
Lessons  5  and  6  of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

FIXGER  MOVEMENT 
Caution  :     Keep  the  ticks   very   small. 

as  (or  has)  the          <°     P      *       />    e>    /»       />   ^ 

~          ~        ~  " 


8  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 


11 

8  outlines  in  ten  seconds, 
as  (or  has)  a  « 

a-         a.          O-          o_          Q_  O_  O_ 


and-as   (or  has) 


o         — o  n        — o 


First  two  lines,  6  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 
It-is-the          — Jo Jl jo jo J, Jo 

I          11111 

A-dollar 


and-for-the 


Last  line,  5  outlines  in  ten  seconds. 

FJNGERS  AND  WRIST 
12  words,   ten   seconds. 


They-think  it-was. 


—  ^  —  \—     4  —  k  --  V  -  k 


i  7  ~ 


It-was  an-advantage  for-them. 

-)     I      i             )       I       l 
Was-it  a-dollar  for-each?  -4 ^ -j — — y- 

DRILL  NO.  6 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  presented  in  Les- 
son 7  of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

When  joined  to  a  preceding  stroke,  the  hook  of  Hay  is  best 
made  by  moving  the  pen  backward  a  slight  distance. 

FOREARM 
Speed :     Six   outlines   in   ten   seconds. 


12 


Keep   these   outlines   the   size   shown  above. 
Lay-Em,   Ar-Em :  <  ~~\. 

Lay-Ray,   Ray-Lay : 

Lay-Hay,  Hay-Lay : 
Ray-Ray,  Ray-Hay : 

Kay-Hay,  Em-Hay:         __^X^— ~S^ ,—<S'  ^--^^ ^-f    ^-~, ^ 

Distinguish  carefully  between  the  curves  and  straight  strokes. 
Em- Ray,   Em-Lay : 
En-Ray,  En-Ar :  ^ — / '      -  ^ 

Lay-Ar,  Lay-Es :  /^~"N       /    )      />    (j 

(4  outlines  in  ten  seconds) 
El-En,  Way-Em-Ing:         CI^~~\^~-^^   C_x^V-^_^ 

FOREARM  AND  FINGERS 
Speed :      Six   outlines   in   ten   seconds. 

El-Iss-En,  En-Iss-Ray : 
En-Iss-El,  Kay-Iss-En : 

En-Iss-Kay,  Em-Iss-Kay: 

Em-Iss-Lajr,  Em-Iss-Ray: 

Ray-Iss-En,  Hay-Iss-En  :      / —  s — '  ^- 


(Be  careful  to  keep  the  Ray  straight.) 


13 


Ray-Iss-Kay,  Ray-Iss-Lay : 
Lay-Iss-Ray,  Lay-Iss-Em : 

Ar-Iss-Ar,  Yay-Iss: 

Speed :     Write  the  group  of  four  outlines  below  in  ten  seconds : 
Em-Ing,  Iss-Em-Ing,  En-Em-Iss,  Em-Iss-Ing: 


DRILL  NO.  7 

PHRASES 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  presented  in  Les- 
son 8  in  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

In  phrase  writing,  endeavor  to  think  of  the  entire  phrase  as  a 
single  unit  rather  than  as  a  number  of  words  joined  together.  Do 
not  stop  between  the  words  in  a  phrase. 

FOREARM  MOVEMENT 
(10  Outlines  in  10  seconds.) 


Which-you          / 


which-you-will 

which-you-are 
which-you-may 

you-will  «/ 
you-are  s 
you-may  -^-^ 


(7  outlines  in  10  seconds.) 


L/  L/    L/ 


L 


Caution :     Keep  the  yuh  small. 
10  outlines  in  10  seconds. 


448242 


which-may  /-. 


14 


FINGER  MOVEMENT 
10  outlines  in  10  seconds. 


would-it        ? — ?---? —  ? — ("  —  f"~"T — r~~r~~  f 
we-have         ^~      v-Vv_v_v_v_VV^v_ 

DRILL  NO.  8 

LENGTH   AND   SIZE   DISTINCTIONS 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  in  Lessons  14-17 
of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

The  following  drill  is  more  than  a  penmanship  exercise  since  it 
is  rather  necessary  for  the  student  to  remember  the  order  of  the 
outlines  as  given  in  the  shorthand  alphabet  and  dictate  the  exercise 
to  himself  a  line  at  a  time.  It  is  not,  therefore,  to  be  expected  that 
the  required  speed  can  be  attained  without  practice. 

The  maintenance  of  length  and  size  distinctions  is  of  the  utmost 
importance. 

Speed :  Each  of  the  following  lines  in  ten  seconds. 


1 

2 
3 

4 

\  \  \  \      [  1     1  1    // 

rr  /r  ^  ^   /,   _  ^  ^ 

V  ^  ^_    _  >  s 

15 


1  I 

If     //  /    /// 

\  \    \ 

/ 
X  \   x 

\      \      X           V\        X 

\         \ 

\              \ 

Brief  Way  and  Brief  Yay  should  be  as  small  as  an  Iss-circle ; 
enlarged  Brief  Way  and  Yay  should  be  the  size  of  half  a  Sez-circle. 

9     o      c Q_£ a_a Q_2 

1QQ        n        Qo         ouOu 

DRILL  NO.  9 

HOOKS 

Small  hooks  should  be  the  size  of  a  half-Iss-circle. 

Large  hooks  should  be  the  size  of  a  half-Sez-circle. 

When  a  circle  is  written  within  a  hook  the  circle  is  made  smaller 
than  otherwise  and  somewhat  like  a  loop. 

Do  not  attempt  to  make  an  absolutely  perfect  circle  within  a 
hook. 

Correct:          x^         [         G /* 

Incorrect :       \  & /" 

IMPERFECT  HOOKS 

In  some  outlines  where  a  hook  occurs  between  strokes  an  attempt 
to  round  the  hook  as  completely  as  usual  would  greatly  reduce  writing 
speed.  In  such  cases  the  hook  is  left  a  little  more  open.  The  pen 
retraces  the  preceding  stroke  a  trifling  distance  and  then  makes  the 
next  stroke. 

Correct  Incorrect 

These  hooks  are  called  the  imperfect  hooks. 


16 

DRILL  NO.  10 

In-Hook    and    Eshon-Hook 

This  drill  should  accompany  work  on  material  presented  in  Les- 
sons 24  and  28  of  Graham's  Business  Shorthand. 

The  size  and  curve  of  the  In-hook  should  be  one-fourth  part 
of  a  Sez-circle. 


Right   shape  and  size  \ 1      <i J__ 

Wrong   shape  and  size      -^ 1 k 


Speed:     Each  of  the  correct  outlines  five  times  in  ten  seconds. 


The  size  and  curve  of  the  Eshon-hook  should  be  one-fourth  part 
of  a  Sez-circle. 


Right  shape  and  size  > 


Wrong  shape  and  size 


Speed:     Each  of  the  correct  outlines  five  times  in  ten  seconds. 


B.  0.  BAKJER 
-VYER 
,  TEXAS 


ot 

AT 
LOS  ANGELES 


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